Glossary of Medical terms used in Apitherapy

ABDOMINAL HERNIA – Protrusion of viscera lined with a sack through a normal or abnormal orifice.
ABOULIA – Aboulia or Abulia (from the Greek “αβουλία”, meaning “non-will”), in neurology, refers to a lack of will or initiative and is one of the Disorders of Diminished Motivation or DDM. Aboulia falls in the middle of the spectrum of diminished motivation, with apathy being less extreme and a kinetic mutism being more extreme than aboulia. A patient with aboulia is unable to act or make decisions independently. It may range in severity from subtle to overwhelming. It is also known as Blocq’s disease (which also refers to abasia and astasia-abasia). Abulia was originally considered to be a disorder of the will.
ABSCESS – An abscess (Latin: abscessus) is a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e.g. splinters, bullet wounds, or injecting needles). It is a defensive reaction of the tissue to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body.
ACIDEMIA the term acidemia describes the state of low blood pH, while acidosis is used to describe the processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. https://www.google.com/#q=%E2%80%A2%09Acidemia&*
ACIDOSIS – An acidic condition in body fluids, chiefly blood. If prolonged, or severe, it can cause coma and death regardless of cause. For a person with diabetes, this can be caused by insufficient glucose absorption (eg, from inadequate insulin) combined with metabolic ketosis. It can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. A medical emergency.
ACNE – inflammatory disorder of the Sebaceous Glands.
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – A disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).^[1]^[2]^[3]
ACTINOMYCES – A genus of the actinobacteria class of bacteria. They are all Gram-positive and can be either anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic . Actinomyces species do not form endospores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae.
Acupuncture – technique of inserting and manipulating fine needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain or for therapeutic purposes. According to traditional Chinese medical theory, acupuncture points are situated on meridians along which qi, the vital energy, flows.
ACUTE – Sudden and short lasting severe condition.

ACUTE RHEUMATICAL CARDITIS (RHEUMATIC FEVER ) – It is an immune disease which implicates inflammation of the heart in which its three layers are affected: endocardium, myocardium and pericardium. The responsible bacteria is hemolytic Streptococcus, which acts in an allergic fashion.
ACUTE TONSILLITIS: Inflammation of the tonsils and adenoids tissues, most of the time caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.

ADDISON’S DISEASE – Insufficient suprarenal glands secretion.

ADENOMA – Epithelial tumor of very variable glandular structure. Normally benign.
ADENOVIRUS – Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (naked) icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA genome. There are 53 described serotypes in humans, which are responsible for 5–10% of upper respiratory infections in children, and many infections in adults as well. Viruses of the family Adenoviridae infect various species of vertebrates, including humans. Adenoviruses were first isolated in human adenoids, from which the name is derived, and are classified as group I under the Baltimore classification scheme.
ADJUVANT / ADJUTANT – Any substance, product or method that is used in conjunction with another to enhance it’s activity. Enhancing the effectiveness of medical treatment.
ADP/ATP – Adenosine Tri Phosphate made out of Adenosine Di Phosphate during the formation of: creatin out of creatin phosphate, lactate out of glucose (anaerobic glycolysis) and CO2 & H2O out of glucose & fats (aerobic glycolysis). It delivers the energy to the body.
Adrenal gland – endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys that are responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY – A condition in which the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones (chemicals produced by the body that regulate organ function), primarily cortisol, but may also include impaired aldosterone production (a mineralcorticoid) which regulates sodium, potassium and water retention.^[1]^[2] Craving for salt or salty foods due to the urinary losses of sodium is common.^[3]
AEROBIC – 1 : living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen <aerobic respiration>. 2 : of, relating to, or induced by aerobes. 3 a : of, relating to, or being activity which increases the body’s demand for oxygen thereby resulting in a marked temporary increase in respiration and heart rate <aerobic exercise> b : relating to, resulting from, or used in aerobics or aerobic activity <aerobic shoes>.
Agglutination The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. This increases the efficacy of microbial elimination by phagocytosis as large clumps of bacteria can be eliminated in one pass, versus the elimination of single microbial antigens.When people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group, the antibodies react with the incorrectly transfused blood group and as a result, the erythrocytes clump up and stick together causing them to agglutinate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)

ALBUMINURIA – Presence of protein in urine, mainly albumin but also globulin; usually indicative of disease, but sometimes resulting from a temporary or transient dysfunction.
ALKALOIDS – a group of natural occurring chemical compounds, which mostly contain nitrogen atoms. They often have pharmacological effects and are used as medications, or recreational drugs, or in entheogenic rituals.
ALLERGEN – A nonparasitic antigen capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals. Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses only as a defense against parasitic infections. However, some individuals mount an IgE response against common environmental antigens. This hereditory predisposition is called atopy. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate inappropriate IgE production, leading to type I hypersensitivity. Sensitivities vary from one person to another and it is possible to be allergic to an extraordinary range of substances.
Allergy – disorder of the immune system reacting to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens and resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. It is characterized by excessive activation of certain white blood cells (mast cells and basophils) by a type of antibody (IgE). Common allergic reactions include eczema, hives, hay fever, asthma, food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees.
ALLOPATHY a system of medical practice that aims to combat disease by use of remedies (as drugs or surgery) producing effects different from or incompatible with those produced by the disease being treated—compare homeopathy https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/allopathy

ALOPECIA– Partial or complete loss of hair.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD), also called Alzheimer disease, Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer’s – The most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him.^[1] Generally, it is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age,^[2] although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. As of September 2009, this number is reported to be 35 million-plus worldwide.^[3] The prevalence of Alzheimer’s is thought to reach approximately 107 million people by 2050.^[4]. Although the course of Alzheimer’s disease is unique for every individual, there are many common symptoms.^[5] The earliest observable symptoms are often mistakenly thought to be ‘age-related’ concerns, or manifestations of stress.^[6] In the early stages, the most commonly recognised symptom is memory loss, such as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts. When a doctor or physician has been notified, and AD is suspected, the diagnosis is usually confirmed with behavioural assessments and cognitive tests, often followed by a brain scan if available.^[7] As the disease advances, symptoms include confusion, irritability and aggression, mood swings, language breakdown, long-term memory loss, and the general withdrawal of the sufferer as their senses decline.^[6]^[8] Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.^[9] Individual prognosis is difficult to assess, as the duration of the disease varies. AD develops for an indeterminate period of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed for years. The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years.^[10] Fewer than three percent of individuals live more than fourteen years after diagnosis.^[11]
AMYOTROPHY – A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness.
Anabolism – processes that tend toward “building up” organs and tissues, producing growth and differentiation of cells and increasing body size.
ANEMIA – Decrease in normal number of red blood cells, or less than normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
ANESTHESIA – Condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away.
ANGIOPATHY – A process that damages the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).^[1] The best known and most prevalent angiopathy is the diabetic angiopathy, a complication that may occur in chronic diabetes.
Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum) – native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery.
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (from Greek ankylos, bent; spondylos, vertebrae), previously known as Bechterew’s disease, Bechterew syndrome, and Marie Strümpell disease – A form of Spondyloarthritis, a chronic, inflammatory arthritis and autoimmune disease. It mainly affects joints in the spine and the sacroilium in the pelvis, causing eventual fusion of the spine.It is a member of the group of the spondyloarthropathies with a strong genetic predisposition. Complete fusion results in a complete rigidity of the spine, a condition known as bamboo spine.^[1]
Anticoagulants – Group of pharmaceuticals used as a medication to reduce blood clotting especially in thrombotic disorders.
ANTIBODY An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
ANTIGEN – An antigen (from antibody generator) is a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response. “Self” antigens are usually tolerated by the immune system; whereas “non-self” antigens are identified as intruders and attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune disorders arise from the immune system reacting to its own antigens.
Antioxidant – molecule capable of slowing or preventing oxidation reactions that can damage cells an that could be an important part of many human diseases (such as cancer and coronary heart disease).
ANTISEPTIC – A product that reduces the presence of infective agents.
Aphrodisiac – substance which is used to increase the sexual desire.
APHTAE – Small ulcers of the mouth with whitish stains that characterize aphtosic stomatitis (thrush).
APLASIA – Incomplete or defective development of a tissue .
APONEUROSIS – Any of the broad flat sheets of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that cover, invest, and form the terminations and attachments of various muscles.
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION – Abnormally high tension, especially of the arterial vessels.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – Condition characterized by the lack of elasticity, enlargement and hardening of the arteries.
ARTHRITIS (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) – A group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body. There are over 100 different forms of arthritis^[1]. The most common form, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) is a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint, or age. Other arthritis forms are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and autoimmune diseases in which the body attacks itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, causing inflammation. There is also an uncommon form of gout caused by the formation of rhomboid crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This gout is known as pseudogout.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common form of persistent arthritis in children. (Juvenile in this context refers to an onset before age 16,^[1] idiopathic refers to a condition with no defined cause, and arthritis is the inflammation of the synovium of a joint).
ARTHROPATICAL PSORIASIS – Acute immune disorder, which associates psoriasis with arthritis in 5% of the patients. Not known cause.
Astringent – substance or chemical that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS – Lesion of the great and medium arteries with deposit in the innermost layer of yellowish plaques containing cholesterol and lipoids.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS – Lesion of the great or medium arteries with deposit in the innermost (layer) of plaques containing cholesterol and lipoids.

ATROPHY – Volume diminution of the cells, tissues or organs due to a failure in nutrition.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE – A condition in which the immune system inappropriately attacks a body tissue. Multiple sclerosis, some kinds of rheumatism, lupus, and Type 1 diabetes are examples. The reasons for the immune system misbehavior are not, in general, understood
AVITAMINOSIS – The condition caused by lack of a vitamin.
BACILLUS – A genus of rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. Bacillus species are obligate aerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase.^[1] Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera.
BACTERIA – The bacteria ([bækˈtɪərɪə] (help·info); singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and deep in the Earth’s crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5×10³⁰) bacteria on Earth, forming much of the world’s biomass. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. However, most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
BALANITIS – Inflammation of the glans penis.
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA – The most common type of skin cancer. It rarely metastasizes or kills, but it is still considered malignant because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement^[1]^[2] by invading surrounding tissues. Statistically, approximately 3 out of 10 Caucasians develop a basal cell cancer within their lifetime.^[3] In 80 percent of all cases, basal cell cancers are found on the head and neck.^[3] There appears to be an increase in the incidence of basal cell cancer of the trunk in recent years.^[3]
BEE POLLEN – Mixture of flower pollen, honeybee digestive juices, and nectar. Has been used therapeutically for asthma, allergic conditions, im-potence, bleeding stomach ulcers, altitude sickness, as a dietary supplement has been used for cancer, high cholesterol, and cardiac conditions. Should not be used if allergic to pollen or by diabetic patients who are using insulin or hypoglycemic medications.
BEESWAX /bees·wax/ (bēz´waks) – Wax derived from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera; see yellow wax (unbleached b.) and white wax (bleached b.) under wax.
Beta blockers (or beta adrenergic receptor antagonists) – A class of drugs used for various indications (particularly hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias and after heart attacks).
BIOTHERAPY – Biotherapy is the use of living organisms to diagnose, treat or cure disease or disease symptoms. Biotherapy encompasses ,among other things, maggot therapy (maggot debridement therapy [MDT], larva therapy), leech therapy (hirudotherapy), honey bee therapy (apitherapy), fish therapy (ichthiotherapy), pet therapy, detection dogs, medical response dogs, phage therapy, and helminthic therapy. The latter, helminthic therapy, is also a class of immunotherapy.
BLOOD PRESSURE – The pressure exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels, varying in different parts of the body with exertion, excitement, age and health.
BOILS – Painful nodule which appears on the skin. Is caused by bacteria which penetrate through a hairy follicle or a soporific gland.
BOWEN TECHNIQUE Bowen therapy, or the Bowen technique, is a non-invasive, complementary holistic therapy. It targets certain points on the body with gentle rolling movements to help it balance, repair and reset itself. Clients are believed to experience energy recovery, a reduction in pain and an improvement of function. www.therapy-directory.org.uk/articles/bowen-therapy.html
BRONCHIECTASIS – Chronic dilation of the bronchial tubes, which manifests itself with fetid breath and coughing with expectoration of purulent mucous material.
BRUISE – A bruise, also called a contusion, is a type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue ^[1] in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding extracellular space. Bruises can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone. Bruises may be referred to by size as ecchymosis (1-3 cm), purpura (3-10 mm), or petechia (<3 mm), although these terms can also refer to internal bleeding not caused by trauma.
BURSITIS – The inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in the body. The bursae rest at the points where internal functionaries, such as muscles and tendons, slide across bone. Healthy bursae create a smooth, almost frictionless functional gliding surface making normal movement painless. When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying upon the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. Moreover, movement of tendons and muscles over the inflamed bursa aggravates its inflammation, perpetuating the problem.
CALLUS – A small area of skin, usually on the foot, that has become thick and hard from rubbing or pressure as a result of increased production of surface skin (ie, the dead cell layer). Podiatry defines a callus as a skin lesion, and if it becomes cracked or internally separates, infection can follow, often with no warning signs. Calluses may lead to other problems such as serious infection. Shoes that fit well aid in reducing callus formation. Calluses are important risk factors for diabetics, in part because of changes in skin or vasculature characteristic of feet and lower legs in diabetics. See also: Foot care.
CAMPHOR – A waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₆O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia (particularly in Borneo and Taiwan) and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of the Bornean forests. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. It can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, in religious ceremonies and for medicinal purposes. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil.
CAMPYLOBACTOR-is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Campylobacter typically appear comma or s-shaped and motile. Most Campylobacter species can cause disease and can infect humans and other animals. Wikipedia

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) – A class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, and do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology. Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age.^[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all human deaths.

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA (DYSRHYTHMIA) – A term for any of a large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and may be regular or irregular.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME – irritation and swelling of one of more of the nerves in the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Effects range from considerable pain to loss of strength or muscle control. The cause is thought to be mechanical, as in repetitive motion of the wrist joint as in typing while in inappropriate wrist positions.
CARTILAGE – A stiff yet flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.
CATAPLASM, PLASTER – a soft, usually heated and sometimes medicated mass spread on cloth and applied to sores or other lesions.

CARCINOMA – Malignant tumor due to the indefinite proliferation of epithelial cells.
CELL – Basic unit of structure and function of all living things, made up of a small mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus and cytoplasmic material.
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE – Damage to the blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a stroke.
Chelation therapy – is the use of chelating agents to detoxify poisonous metal agents (such as mercury, arsenic, and lead) by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted without further interaction with the body.

CHOLELITHIASIS – Presence or formation of gallstones.
CHOLESTEROL – Fat soluble alchohol, present in body cells, animal fats and tissues.
CHOLIBACILLOSIS – Infection by bacillus Escherischia colli.

CHRONIC ACUTE BURSITIS – Inflammation of a sack (from the term: bursal synovitis).
CHRONIC – present over a long period of time. Diabetes and arthritis are examples of chronic diseases.

CIRRHOSIS – A disease, as of the liver, resulting in an abnormal growth of hardened connective tissue.
CANNABIS – A drug prepared from an Indian Hemp Plant.
CHEMOTHERAPY – Treatment of disease by chemicals that kills cells, both good and bad, but specifically those of micro-organisms or cancerous tumors.
COLITIS – inflammation of the Colon.

CONTRACTURE – Prolonged and reversible contraction, the intensity of which is in direct relation to the magnitude of the stimulus producing it.
COPD (Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease) – Any disorder that persistently obstructs bronchial airflow, consisting of both bronchitis and emphysema.
CORNEAL ULCER – Ulcer on the Cornea of the eye(s).
CORTISOL – Hormone of the suprarenal cortex which acts in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
CROHN’S DISEASE– a condition in which segments of the Alimentary Tract become inflamed.

CROSS-LINKING – Due to free radical activity, S-bridges appear between molecules which hardens body tissue. One can compare the process with the tanning of hides.
DEFORMING ANKYLOPOYETIC SPONDOLYARTHRITIS. ANKYLOSING SPONDOLYTIS – A rheumatic disease that causes arthritis of the spine and sacroiliac joints and, at times, causes inflammation of the eyes and heart valves. The disorder may cause back pain, stiffness, and loss of spinal mobility due to involvement of spinal joints.
CYSTITIS – Inflammation of the Urinary bladder.
DAWN PHENOMENON – A sudden rise in blood glucose levels in the early morning hours. This condition sometimes occurs in people with type 1 (formerly known as insulin-dependent) diabetes and (rarely) in people with type 2 (formerly known as noninsulin-dependent) diabetes. Unlike the Somogyi effect, it is not a result of an insulin reaction. People who have high levels of blood glucose in the mornings before eating may need to monitor their blood glucose during the night. If blood glucose levels are rising, adjustments in evening snacks or insulin dosages may be recommended
DECUBITIS – The recumbent position.
Dehydration — loss of fluid in the body (usually water) resulting in abnormal concentrations of substances in the blood and fluids. Too high concentrations interfere with many body processes. Insufficient fluid intake, or excessive urine output or both, are the usual cause.
DETOXIFICATION – In orthomolecular sciences, there are 6 ways to help the detoxification of the body:

Metabolic, oral (biochemical) detox with orthomolecular substances or oral chelation.
Physiological detox by fasting and drainage/fytotherapie
Structural detox through teeth, nails, hair, lymphatic system
Parenteral detox by chelation
Home detox by removing toxic substances from the home, work space and clothing
Person detox through positive thoughts and social contacts

Diabetes mellitus – A disease that occurs when the body is not able to use dietary carbohydrates (eg, sugar, starch, …) as it should. Caused by lack of insulin, inability to respond to insulin, or both.
Diabetic amyotrophy – A disease of the nerves leading to the muscles. This condition affects only one side of the body and occurs most often in older men with mild diabetes. See also: Neuropathy.
Diabetic myelopathy – Spinal cord damage found in some people with diabetes.
Diabetic retinopathy — damage to the retina caused by growth of very small blood vessels. The proliferative variety is dangerous and often leads to blindness.
DIARRHEA – Frequent bowel evacuation.
DIFFUSE – That which is extended or dispersed / That which has no limits or precise location.
DISEASE – A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. Sometimes the term is used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts these may be considered distinguishable categories.

DISEASE OF DUPUYTREN – Permanent flexion of the fingers which is produced by shortening, thickening and fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis.
DOPAMINE – A neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors — D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄, and D₅, and their variants. Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

DRONE – a male honeybee.
DYSMENORRHOEA – Any menstrual disorder.
DYSPEPSIA – Every disorder of secretion, motility, or gastric sensibility which disturbs digestion.
DYSPNOEA – Respiratory disorder with modifications of the rhythm, amplitude and frequency of breath (breathing). Has a cardiovascular or pulmonary origin or it is due to an increase of the organism’s needs.
DYSTROPHY – Morbid (diseased) tissue condition determined by metabolic disorders and characterized by morphological and functional alterations.
ECTODERM – The start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers. Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system, and the epidermis (the outer part of integument). In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neural crest, and neural tube. The latter two are known as neuroectoderm.
ECZEMA – A disease in a form of dermatitis,^[2] or inflammation of the epidermis.^[3] The term eczema is broadly applied to a range of persistent skin conditions. These include dryness and recurring skin rashes that are characterized by one or more of these symptoms: redness, skin edema (swelling), itching and dryness, crusting, flaking, blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding. Areas of temporary skin discoloration may appear and are sometimes due to healed lesions, although scarring up is rare. In contrast to psoriasis, eczema is often likely to be found on the flexor aspect of joints.
EDEMA — collection of fluid in the tissues of a part of the body. Diabetics often have edemic feet due to the impaired circulation in them.
EMOLLIENTS – Substances that soften and soothe the skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin. They are a key component in the manufacture of lipstick, lotions, and other cosmetic products.
ENANTIOMERS – Natural vitamin molecules exist in the L-form. The other enantiomer, or mirror image, is the D-form, which is not active and will inhibit the action of the L-form.
ENDOCARDIUM – The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells, embryologically and biologically, are similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. The endocardium underlies the much more voluminous myocardium, the muscular tissue responsible for the contraction of the heart. The outer layer of the heart is termed epicardium and the heart is surrounded by a small amount of fluid enclosed by a fibrous sac called the pericardium.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – A system of glands that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, growth, development, puberty, tissue function and also plays a part in determining mood.^[1] The field of study that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine.

Major endocrine glands:
(Male on the left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
ENTOMOPHILY – a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by insects, particularly bees, Lepidoptera species (e.g., butterflies and moths), flies and beetles. Entomophilous species frequently evolve mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to insects, e.g., brightly-colored or scented flowers, nectar, or appealing shapes and patterns. Pollen grains of entomophilous plants are generally larger than the fine pollens of anemophilous (wind-pollinated) plants. They usually are of more nutritional value to insects, which may use them for food and inadvertently spread them to other flowers.
Enuresis – (or bedwetting) is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control would normally be anticipated.
Enzymes – biomolecules (mainly proteins) that increase the rates of chemical reactions which is necessary to almost all cell processes to occur significantly. They consist of an Apo-enzyme (Aminoacid part) and of a Co-enzyme (vitamine or mineral).

EPICONDYLE – Eminence of a bone above a condyle.
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology

EPINEPHRINE – (Adrenalin) it is one of the most powerful vasomotor drugs known, as it increases blood pressure, stimulates the heart’s muscle, increases the cardiac expulsion and accelerates its speed.
EPISIOTOMY – A surgical incision through the perineum made to enlarge the vagina and assist childbirth.
Epistaxis – (or nosebleed) is the relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage from the nose, usually noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils.
EPITHELIUM – The tissue that covers the external surface of the body and lines hollow structures (except blood and lymphatic vessels).
Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation and they commonly as a result present extensive apical-basolateral polarity (e.g. different membrane proteins expressed) and specialisation.
In biology and medicine, an epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body.^[1] Many glands are also formed from epithelial tissue.^[2] It lies on top of connective tissue, and the two layers are separated by a basement membrane.^[3]

EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) (HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4) – A virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes simplex virus) and is one of the most common viruses in humans. Most people become infected with EBV, which is often asymptomatic, but infection commonly causes infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever).

ERYSIPELAS – Acute inflammation of the skin and cellular sub-cutaneous tissue caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
ERYTHEMA – Transitory congestion of the skin vascular vessels from where they disappear momentarily by (the action of) pressing.
ESCHAR – A Scab of Slough produced by heat or a corrosive substance on the skin.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS – Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids are the precursors of prostaglandines, Tromboxanes and Leucotriëns and consist of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids. Our diets are packed with omega 6 which induce the least wanted Pg Tx and Lt, and are deficient in omega 3 to produce the right Pg, Tx and Lt in order to prevent heart and vessel disease.
ESSENTIAL OIL – a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants.
EXPECTORATION – Ejection from the trachea or lungs of phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking or spitting.

FAST FOOD – Industrially prepared and processed food, containing empty calories with a very low density in nutrients, lacking most of the essential vitamins, enzymes, minerals. It also has a very low fibre and a very high hydrocarbon concentration, provoquing hyperinsulinaemie.
FIBROSIS – Formation of fibrous tissue // Type of degeneration with increment and new formation of connective tissue.

FISTULA – Congenital or acquired tract (stretch, route) which abnormally connects two organs.
FLATULENCY – Accumulation of gases in the digestive tube.
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) – An important class of plant secondary metabolites most commonly known for their antioxidant activity.
Flower water and floral water – Descriptive, but now outdated terms, used to describe the condensate water that remains after the extraction of an essential oil by water or steam distillation.
FOLLICULOSIS – Inflammation of one or several poli-sebaceous follicles (caused) by staphylococcus.

FOLLICULOSTATIN – Hormone secreted by the ovary.
FUMAGILLIN – It was originally used against fungal Nosema apis infections in honeybees. There are reports that Fumagillin controls Nosema ceranae, which has recently been hypothesized as a possible cause of Colony Collapse Disorder.
GAMETIC definition, a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism. www.dictionary.com/browse/gameticGametic
GANGRENE – death or decay of parts of the body due to lack of blood supply.
GARGLING – the act in which one bubbles a liquid in one’s mouth.
GASTROPARESIS – A form of nerve damage that affects the stomach and intestines. Food is not digested properly and does not move through in a normal way, resulting in vomiting, nausea, or bloating. It often interferes with diabetes management. See also: Autonomic neuropathy
GASTRIC ULCER – Ulcer in the Stomach.
GINGIVITIS — infection of the gums, often chronic and low grade.
GLAUCOMA – Disease of the eyes characterized by high intra-ocular hypertension, which produces abnormal ocular hardening, retinal atrophy and blindness.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS – Variety of nephritis which affects the capillary vessels of renal glomerules.
GLOSSITIS – Inflammation of the tongue.
GONADOTROPIN – A hormone synthesized and released by the Pituitary Gland.
GONORRHEA also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many people have no symptoms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea
HALITOSIS – bad breath from food , drugs, constipation, Liver Disease.
HELICOBACTER PYLORI, previously Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach. Wikipedia
HEMOCHROMATOSIS – A condition in which excess iron levels are deposited in body tissues, damaging them. Characteristically, it causes diabetes among its other effects. It can be caused too much iron intake (the body conserves iron very well, and has few routes for discarded excess iron). In an inherited form, it is the most common genetic diseases in those of Northern European ancestry. It is less common in other populations.
HEPATIC VEIN – One of several short veins originating within the lobes of the liver.
Hepatitis – injury to the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Most cases are due to a group of virus but other causes can be toxins (alcohol), other infections or an autoimmune process.
HEPATOLOGY – Branch of medicine that incorporates study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree and pancreas as well as management of their disorders.
HERBALISM – a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice base on the use of plants and plant extracts. Also known as botanical medicine.
HERBAL TEA – a herbal infusion made of fresh or dried flowers, leaves, seeds, or roots, generally by pouring boiled water over the plant parts and letting them steep for a few minutes.
HERNIA – Protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the muscle tissue or the membrane by which it is normally contained.
HERPES – Any of certain inflammations of the skin or mucous membrane characterized by clusters of blisters which often spread.
HOLISTIC MEDICINE is a form of healing that considers the whole person — body, mind, spirit, and emotions — in the quest for optimal health and wellness. http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine#1
HOMEOSTATIC INTERACTIVE SYNDROME – Starting a treatment with nutritional supplements can provoque reactions in the beginning. The patient feels vague pains, itching, heavy feeling, changing urine colour, skin irritation, fever, insomnia, etc… This means that the body is starting to repair and the treatment must continue.
HORMONE – A substance (usually a protein) released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of organism.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H₂ O₂) – A very pale blue liquid, slightly more viscous than water, that appears colorless in dilute solution. It is a weak acid, has strong oxidizing properties, and is a powerful bleaching agent. It is used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, oxidizer, and in rocketry as a propellant.^[2] The oxidizing capacity of hydrogen peroxide is so strong that it is considered a highly reactive oxygen species.
HYDROSADENITIS – Inflammation of the sudoriferous (soporiferous) glands.
HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL (HMF), also 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural – An organic compound derived from dehydration of sugars.^[1] This colourless solid is highly water soluble. The molecule is a derivative of furan containing both aldehyde and alcohol functional groups. HMF has been identified in a wide variety of heat-processed foods including milk, fruit juices, spirits, honey, etc. HMF, which is derived from cellulose without use of fermentation, is a potential “carbon-neutral” feedstock for fuels and chemicals.^[2]
HYGROSCOPY – the ability of a substance to attract water molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or adsorption.

HYPERGLICEMIA – Higher than normal glucose concentration in the blood.
HYPERKERATOSIS – Very manifest (evident) hypertrophy of the skin’s cornea.
HYPERLIPOEMIA – Excess (surplus) of lipids or lipoids in the blood.
HYPERPLASTY (HYPERPLASIA) – Multiplication of a tissue’s normal cell number.
HYPERTENSION – Condition characterized by high blood pressure.

HYPERTHYROIDISM – Excessive thyroid gland activity.
HYPERTROPHY – Increment of the volume of an organ or tissue.
HYPERTROPHIC RHINITIS – Increase in the volume of the nasal mucous membrane.
HYPOACOUSY-HYPOAUDITION – Diminution of the hearing capacity.
HYPOFOLLICULOSTATINAL – Lower than normal folliculostatin production.
HYPOGEUSIA – diminished sensitivity to taste.
HYPOGLICEMIA – Lower than normal glucose concentration in the blood.
HYPOSMIA – diminished sensitivity to smell.
Hypothalamus – portion of the brain which most important function is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
HYPOTROPHY – Volume diminution of the cells and of the tissue or organ which constitute it.
Immune system – biological defenses (consisting in many types of interacting proteins, cells organs and tissues) within an organism that protects it against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.
Inflammation – biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli (as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants) in attempt to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue. The short term process is characterized by 5 cardinal signs: redness (rubor) – heat (calor) – swelling (tumor) – pain (dolor) – loss of function (functiolesa).
INFLUENZA (FLU) – An infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. The name influenza comes from the Italian influenza, meaning “influence” (Latin: influentia). The most common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.^[1] Fever and coughs are the most frequent symptoms. In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly for the young and the elderly. Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus.^[2] Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children,^[1] but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes called “stomach flu” or “24-hour flu”.^[3]
INSOMNIA – Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep.
INSULINE – Pancreatic hormone that diminish the level of glucose in the blood.
INTERTRIGO – Inflammatory disease of the skin creases (folds), manifested by reddening. It is produced by their reciprocal friction.
IRIDOCYCLITIS – Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary’s body.
IRITIS – Inflammation of the iris.

ISCHEMIA – Local blood deficiency by blockage of the arterial irrigation of a determined territory.

ISOTOPES – different types of atoms (nuclides) of the same chemical element, each having a different atomic mass (mass number).^[1] Isotopes of an element have nuclei with the same number of protons (the same atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons. Therefore, isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers (number of nucleons). For example, carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14. Carbon has atomic number 6 so each of its isotopes has 6 protons. The neutron numbers in these isotopes are therefore 12-6 = 6, 13-6 = 7, and 14-6 = 8 respectively.
KETOSIS – In biology, ketosis (pronounced /kɪˈtəʊsɪs/) is a state of the organism characterised by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood, occurring when the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies (which can be used for energy as an alternative to glucose).
KETOACIDOSIS – Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids. The two common ketones produced in humans are acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyrate. Ketoacidosis is an extreme and uncontrolled form of ketosis, which is a normal response to prolonged fasting. In ketoacidosis, the body fails to adequately regulate ketone production causing such a severe accumulation of keto acids that the pH of the blood is substantially decreased. In extreme cases ketoacidosis can be fatal.
Krebs cycle – part of the metabolic pathway in aerobic organisms involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy.

KYPHOSIS / CYPHOSIS (Hump) – Abnormal curvature in sagittal direction and dorsal prominence of the vertebral column.

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS – Inflammation of the epicondyle or of the adjacent tissues.
LEUCINE – essential amino acid.
LEUCORRHOEA – Whitish and viscous flow coming from the vagina and the uterus.
LIGAMENTS – Anyone of the fibrous and resistant stripes which connect or support viscera.
Lipophilicity – refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents. Lipophilic substances tend to dissolve in other lipophilic substances, while hydrophilic (water-loving) substances tend to dissolve in water and other hydrophilic substances.
Liquid-liquid extraction – also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid phase into another liquid phase.

LUMBAGO – Pain in the lumbar region.
LUPUS – Tubercular disease of the skin and mucous membranes.
LYMPHOMA – Any tumor formed by lymphoid tissue.
MACULAR DEGENERATION – a group of conditions affecting the Macula Lutea of the eye.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA – Malignant tumor of melanin-forming cells usually in a skin’s nevus or in the eye’s pigmentary layer.
MALNUTRITION – A general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or inadequate diet and nutrition.^[1]^[2] A number of different nutrition disorders may arise, depending on which nutrients are under or overabundant in the diet.
MANUKA HONEY – honey gathered from flowers of the manuka bush, Leptospermum scoparium, a wild plant found in New Zealand. The active honey, in the nonpasteurized form, contains a potent antibacterial compound called unique manuka factor (UMF). Manuka honey is used to treat sore throats, skin ulcers, heartburn, peptic ulcers, to fight Helicobacter pylori bacteria, and as a wound dressing; also called active manuka honey.
MASTITIS – Inflammation of the Breast (caused possibly by a bacterial infection).
MELANOMA – Skin tumor of a dark coloration.
MELITTIN – A peptide, in Bee Venom, 100 times stronger than cortisone, main responsible substance for the pain given by a bee sting; it is the principal active component of bee venom (apitoxin), and is a powerful stimulator of phospholipase A2. Melittin is a peptide consisting of 26 amino acids with the sequence GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ.
MELLIFEROUS FLOWER – a plant which produces substances that can be collected by insects and turned into honey. Many plants are melliferous, but only certain examples can be harvested by honey bees, because of their physiognomy (body size and shape, length of proboscis, etc.). Apiculture classifies a plant as melliferous if it can be harvested by domesticated honey bees.
MEMBRANE – Thin tissue that covers cells, tissues and organs, lines cavities or canals, or joins adjacent parts.
MICROORGANISM – A microscopic organism, such as a protozoan or bacterium.
MITOCHONDRION – The “chemical power plant” inside the cell, where Aminoacids, glucose, fatty acids, oxygen and phosphorus are transformed into ATP, delivering the energy to the body.
MOLE (MELANOCYTIC NEVUS) – A small, sometimes raised area of skin, usually with darker pigment.
MONILIASIS – Infection caused by a Candida (fungus) to the mucous membrane of mouth, intestine, lungs.
MONONUCLEOSIS – Infectious-contagious disease produced by a virus. Increases the lymphocytes and monocytes.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS – Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by the formation of numerous sclerosis foci and demyelization. It is manifested by weakness, lack of co-ordination or mental alterations.

MUSCULAR TONE – Slight and continuous contraction of the muscles which is maintained by low frequency asynchronous impulses. The tone of the skeletal muscles contributes to posture and to the return of blood to the heart.

MYALGIA – Pain on one or more muscles.
MYCELIA – Hypothetical vital unit of living matter, which would be formed by one (1) or more molecules wrapped in a layer of water.
Mycosis – condition in which fungi pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body and establish infections.
MYOCARDITIS – Acute or chronic inflammation of the heart muscle.
NAEVUS-NEVUS – Cutaneous non-evolutional circumscribed neo-formation. A birthmark in the form of a raised red patch in the skin.
NATUROPATHY (also known as naturopathic medicine or natural medicine) – an eclectic alternative medical system that focuses on natural remedies and the body’s vital ability to heal and maintain itself. Naturopathic philosophy favors a holistic approach and minimal use of surgery and drugs.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS – Gangrenous stomatitis.
NERVE – One of the whitish fibers that proceeds from the brain and spinal chord and spreads throughout all parts of the body whose function is to convey sensation and originate motion.
NERVOUS SYSTEM – network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism’s surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body. It is composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glial cells (plural form glia) that aid in the function of the neurons. The nervous system is divided broadly into two categories: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Neurons generate and conduct impulses between and within the two systems. The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory neurons and the neurons that connect them to the nerve cord, spinal cord and brain, which make up the central nervous system. In response to stimuli, sensory neurons generate and propagate signals to the central nervous system which then processes and conducts signals back to the muscles and glands. The neurons of the nervous systems of animals are interconnected in complex arrangements and use electrochemical signals and neurotransmitters to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. The interaction of the different neurons form neural circuits regulate an organism’s perception of the world and what is going on with its body, thus regulating its behavior. Nervous systems are found in many multicellular animals but differ greatly in complexity between species.^[1]
NEURALGIA – Intense pain localized in the distribution area of a peripheral nerve.
NEURASTHENIA – State (condition) characterized by a general depression, excessive fatigability, easy and disproportionate irritability, with diminution of vital energy. It can be accompanied by various physical symptoms.
NEURITIS – Inflammation of a nerve; it is accompanied by pain and sensitivity of the nerves.
NEURODERMITIS – Any dermopathic condition of nervous origin: prurience, simple, chronic.

OBLITERANT ARTHERITIS – Obstructive inflammation of an artery.
OCENA – Disease of the nasal cavities (nostrils) which produces scabs and fetid suppuration, caused by atrophic rhinitis.

OLIGOPHRENY – Neurological syndrome characterized by congenital or precociously acquired intellectual deficit.
OREXIGENIC or appetite stimulant can be a naturally occurring hormone such as ghrelin or a medication, which increases appetite and therefore enhances food consumption.
ORGAN – A part or member of living organisms, as the heart, having a specific function.
ORGANIC ACIDEMIA – Organic acidemia, also called organic aciduria, is a term used to classify a group of metabolic disorders which disrupt normal amino acid metabolism, particularly branched-chain amino acids, causing a buildup of acids which are usually not present.
ORTHOCEUTICALS – High dosed food supplements meant for curative purposes. In therapeutic short term treatments, acute illnesses or severe nutritional deficiencies, controlles synthetic megadoses are used, however, they must always contain a certain amount of natural biological components.
ORTHOMOLECULAR ANTIOXIDANTS –

Essential nutritive AO: vit E comples, vit C complex, carotenoïds, Se, Zn
Non essential nutritive AO : Reduced GSH, Coenzyme Q 10, Melatonin, L-lipoïc acid, Bioflavonoids, cysteïne, DMSO, L-carnitin
Non nutritive AO : Ureïc acid, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase, DHEP, Ceruloplasmine, Ferritine

ORTHOMOLECULAR MEDICINE – Orthos in Greek means: even, straight, sane. Many disease can be cured by re-ecquilibrating concentrations of molecules in the body, using orthomolecular food and food supplements. This means, the consumption of optimal nutrients and optimal transport and diffusion towards all body cells, taking into account all differences between all individuals.
OSTEOPOROSIS – Disease of the bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered.
OTITIS MEDIA – inflammation of the middle ear caused by infection.

OSTEOARTHRITIS – Multiple and chronic disease of the osseous extremes of the joints.
OXY-CHOLESTEROL – oxidation of cholesterol in animal food products. This xidation process occurs in : food processing, contact with the air at room temperature and by free radicals during transport of cholesterol by LDL in the bloodvessels.
PATHOGENIC causing or capable of causing disease

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pathogenic

PANCREAS – A gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates.
PAPILLOMAVIRUS – group of viruses that can cause noncancerous wart-like tumors to grow on the surface of skin and internal organs such as the respiratory tract; can be life-threatening.
PARADONTOPATHIES – Diseases related to the teeth.
PARAESTHESIA – Abnormal sensation, sensitive or sensorial.
PARASITICAL SYCOSIS – Dermatosis characterized by the inflammation of the pilous follicles caused by parasites.
PHAGOCYTOSIS In cell biology, phagocytosis (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein), meaning ‘to devour’, κύτος, (kytos), meaning ‘cell’, and -osis, meaning ‘process’) is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis
PHAGOSOME a vacuole in the cytoplasm of a cell, containing a phagocytosed particle enclosed within a part of the cell membrane.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome

PERIARTHRITIS – Inflammation of the tissues that surround a joint.

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES – Diseases of the blood vessels present usually in the peripheral limbs.

PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID) – a toxic, white crystalline solid. Its chemical formula is C₆H₅O H and its structure is that of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a phenyl ring, making it an aromatic compound.

PHLEBITIS – Inflammation of the walls of a vein with infiltration of its layers. It is accompanied with edema, hardening, pain and lineal erythema (superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches).
PHONASTHENIA – Weakness of the voice.

PHYLOGENY 1 : the evolutionary history of a kind of organism 2 : the evolution of a genetically related group of organisms as distinguished from the development of the individual organism 3 : the history or course of the development of something (as a word or custom) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phylogeny
PLACEBO EFFECT This phenomenon, in which the recipient perceives an improvement in condition due to personal expectations, rather than the treatment itself, is known as the placebo effect or placebo Research about the effect is ongoing. Placebos are an important methodological tool in medical research. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo

PLAQUE – A deposit, consisting of a fatty core covered with a fibrous cap.
PNEUMONIA – Inflammation of lung tissue.
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS – A kidney which presents a great amount of agglomerate vesicles.
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) (also called PMT or premenstrual tension) – A collection of physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman’s menstrual cycle. While most women (about 80 percent) of child-bearing age have some symptoms of PMS,^[1] the official definition limits the scope to having symptoms of “sufficient severity to interfere with some aspects of life”.^[2] Such symptoms are usually predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses. Generally, symptoms may vanish both before or after the start of menstrual flow.

PROBOSCIS – Elongated, flexible feeding apparatus, formed of the fused mouthparts, in some insects.
PROPOLIS – a compound made by bees by mixing balsams and resin collected from certain trees with saliva and digestive enzymes. Used for its antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and antiinflammatory properties and to promote the healing of wounds.

PSORIASIS – Frequent chronic dermatosis which evolves by out brakes, of unknown etiology, non-contagious and stubborn to therapeutically treatment.
PSORIASICAL ARTHRITIS – Acute immune disorder, which associates psoriasis with arthritis in 5% of the patients. Not known cause.
PSYCHOSIS (from the Greek ψυχή “psyche”, for mind or soul, and -ωσις “-osis”, for abnormal condition) – literally means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a “loss of contact with reality“. People suffering from psychosis are said to be psychotic.
Purulent – 1 : containing, consisting of, or being pus <a purulent discharge>. 2 : accompanied by suppuration.

PYLORUS-is the furthest part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided into two parts, the antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach, and the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylorus
PYODERMA – Dermatitis caused by pyogenic germs

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE – Vascular disorder characterized by intermittent bilateral and symmetrical spasms of the fingers’ arteries.
RDA: RECOMMENDED DAILY AMOUNT – The RDA for food supplements has become highly insufficient due to:

the biochemical individuality of the patient
The higher amount of industrial processed food means: loss of nutrients, increased radiolites, increase in chemical food additives, overuse of sucrose, overuse of LA
The higher amount of environmental pollution needs more vitamins and minerals to eliminate the toxic charge
More stress factors cause loss of minerals and vitamins
Depletion of agricultural soils
Free radical pathology consumes a lot of anti-oxidants
More aging pathology

RECURRENT – A structure such as a nerve or blood vessel that turns back on itself and forms a loop.
RHEUMATISM – Term used to design a group of diseases which produce alterations in the interstitial connective tissue of joints, ligaments, tendons, skin and some organs (especially the heart).
RHINITIS – Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane.
ROYAL JELLY – a product created by young worker bees for the nourishment of the queen bee and small larvaes. Uses: antimicrobial, antiviral, sexual dysfunction in males and females, baldness, menopause, cancer prevention and treatment, heart disease prevention. Precautions: allergies.
RUTIN – A pigment that increases capillary resistance.
SCABIES – A skin infection caused by the Itch Mite.
SCABS – Dry mass of dark color, resulting from the mortification or disorganization of a living tissue affected by gangrene or burnt by the action of fire or a caustic substance.
SCAR – Any mark left on the skin after the healing of a wound, burn or ulcer.

SCHEUERMANN’S DISEASE – Forward and sideways inclination of the spine.
SCIATICA – Pain along the trajectory of the sciatic nerve.
Schizophrenia – psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality and most commonly manifested by auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions.
SCLERODERMA – Colagenosis which is characterized by the condensation of the dermis’ elements; it makes the skin harder, less elastic and more adherent to the deep plane.
SCLEROSIS – Hardening of an organ or of a tissue, especially that produced by an inflammatory process.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS – The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. In humans, they are found in greatest abundance on the face and scalp, though they are distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles. In the eyelids, meibomian sebaceous glands secrete sebum into tears. There are several related medical conditions, including: acne, sebaceous cysts, hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma
SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS (also Seborrheic dermatitis AmE, seborrhea) (also known as “Seborrheic eczema”^[1]) is a skin disorder affecting the scalp, face, and trunk causing scaly, flaky, itchy, red skin. It particularly affects the sebum-gland rich areas of skin.
Sedative – substance that induces sedation by reducing irritabilityHYPERLINK \l “cite_note-urlJohns_Hopkins_Colon_Cancer_Center_-_Glossary_S-0” or excitement.
SELECTIVE NUTRIENT ABSORPTION – The intestinal absorption of nutrients depends very much on the individual patients intestinal quality, the prebiotics, probiotics, orthobiotics, pH of the different intestinal zones, and the food quality.
SHINGLES – Herpes, inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes.
SINUSITIS – Inflammation of a facial sinus.
SOPORIFIC – 1 a : causing or tending to cause sleep <soporific drugs>; b : tending to dull awareness or alertness. 2 : of, relating to, or marked by sleepiness or lethargy.

SPASTIC – Spasmodic (occurring or done by fits and starts).
STAPHYLOCOCCUS – A genus of nonmotile gram-positive spherical bacteria that is placed in either of two families (Staphylococcaceae or Micrococcaceae), contains forms occurring singly, in pairs or tetrads, or in irregular clusters, and includes causative agents of various diseases and disorders (as food poisoning, skin infections, and endocarditis).
STENOSIS – Narrowing or diminution of the opening of a passage, conduct, duct (in the body).
STEAM DISTILLATION – a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.
STING – to prick or wound with a sharp pointed and often venom bearing as a sting of bees and certain other animals or plants.
STOMATITIS – Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
Sublingual – pharmacological route of administration by which drugs diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
SUBCLINICAL DEFICIENCIES – Due to RDA’s based on clinical identifiable diseases, western people live in a constant state of nutrient deficienciy. i.e.: RDA for vit C was set to prevent clinical scorbute. As a result, most people are subclinically deficient in vit C with a chronical arterial scorbute as result.
SUCROSE – a crystaline compound; the ordinary sugar obtained from sugar cane, beets, or sorghum.
SWINE FLU – 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, officially referred to as novel H1N1, first identified in April 2009 and commonly called swine flu. The virus is a mixing (reassortment) of four known strains of influenza A virus: one endemic in humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in pigs (swine).^[3] Transmission of the new strain is human-to-human, and eating cooked pork products will not transmit the virus.
SYPHILIS is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis
SYSTEMIC – referring to a particular system of parts or organs of the body, referring to, or affecting the entire bodily system or body as a whole.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (LUPUS) – A chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.^[1]
TENDINITIS – Inflammation of a tendon.
THERAPY – The treatment of a disability or disease as by some remedial or curative process/method.

THROMBUS – A thrombus (Greek θρόμβος), or blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis. It integrates the elements of the circulating blood, blood platelets and fibrin mainly. It is achieved via the aggregation of platelets that form a platelet plug, and the activation of the humoral coagulation system (i.e. clotting factors). A thrombus is normal in cases of injury, but pathologic in instances of thrombosis.

THROMBOSIS (Greek θρόμβωσις) – The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot, because the first step in repairing it (hemostasis) is to prevent loss of blood. If that mechanism causes too much clotting, and the clot breaks free, an embolus is formed.^[1]^[2]
THROMBOEMBOLISM – Is both thrombosis and its main complication, which is embolisation.When a thrombus occupies more than 75% of surface area of the lumen of an artery, blood flow to the tissue supplied is reduced enough to cause symptoms because of decreased oxygen (hypoxia) and accumulation of metabolic products like lactic acid. More than 90% of obstruction can result in anoxia, the complete deprivation of oxygen, and infarction, a mode of cell

THYROID DISEASE – Abnormal change in size of the Thyroid volume associated with functional insufficiency.
Tincture – alcoholic extract of a non-volatile substance (e.g. of leaves or other plant materials) with an ethanol percentage of at least 40%.
TONSILLITIS – Inflammation of the tonsils.
TOXIN – any of various usually unstable organic poisons produced in living or dead organisms or their products as venom or ptomaine.
TRICHOMONAS – Any flagellate protozoan.
TRICOPHYTON – Fungi which parasite on hair.

TROPHIC ULCER – Ulcer produced by recumbent (lying) position.
TROPHIC ULCER – Ulcer produced by recumbent position.
TUBERCULOSIS (abbreviated TB, which can also stand for tubercle bacillus) – A common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria. In humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary causative bacterium although other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, and Mycobacterium microti are also causes.^[1] Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the skin.
TUMOR – an abnormal or morbid swelling in any part of the body.

ULCER – A break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus <a stomach ulcer>.
UTERINE FIBROIDS – A uterine fibroid (also uterine leiomyoma, myoma, fibromyoma, leiofibromyoma, fibroleiomyoma, and fibroma) (plural of … myoma is …myomas or …myomata) is a non-cancerous (benign) tumor that originates from the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) and the accompanying connective tissue of the uterus. Fibroids are the most common benign tumors in females and typically found during the middle and later reproductive years. While most fibroids are asymptomatic, they can grow and cause heavy and painful menstruation, painful sexual intercourse, and urinary frequency and urgency. Uterine fibroids is the major indication for hysterectomy in the US.^[1] Fibroids are often multiple and if the uterus contains too many leiomyomatas to count, it is referred to as uterine leiomyomatosis. The malignant version of a fibroid is uncommon and termed a leiomyosarcoma.

VAGINITIS – Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and leucorrhoegic flow.

VARICOSE – Vein, artery or lymphatic vessel dilated and tortuous and with tendency to sclerosis.
VARICOSIS – Varicose condition of the veins of any region.
VEGETATIONS – Excrescences or hyperplastic formations which appear on teguments and mucous membranes.
WART – Any proliferation of the dermal papillae, circumscribed and benign.

XENOBIOTICA – Mainly synthetic substances which have no function in the body, but can block or induce unwanted processes. These substances need to rendered unharmfull to be exctreted. This happens in the Mixed Function Oxidase system.
ZOSTER ZONE – Acute inflammatory disease of one or several sensitive ganglia, produced by a virus.

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